Les dictionnaires⚓︎

Utilisation d'un dictionnaire⚓︎

Les dictionnaires

Les dictionnaires permettent d'associer des valeurs à des clefs, tout comme dans la vraie vie, les dictionnaires associent des définitions (les valeurs) à des mots (les clefs).

Ils permettent de trouver très rapidement la valeur associée à une clef, indépendamment de la taille de ce dictionnaire.

La syntaxe générale pour définir un dictionnaire est :

nom_dictionnaire = {clef1: valeur1, clef2: valeur2, ...}

Obtenir la valeur associée avec une clef

Pour obtenir la valeur associée avec une clef, il suffit d'écrire nom_dictionnaire[clef].

>>> ages = {"Alice": 14, "Bob": 16, "Charlie": 14}
>>> ages["Alice"]
14
>>> ages["Bob']
16
>>> ages["Alice"] == ages["Charlie"]
True

Exercice 1

Compléter le fichier en affectant à chaque variable la valeur demandée.

Il ne faut pas donner directement la valeur mais utiliser le dictionnaire.

Il ne faut pas modifier le dictionnaire.

Évaluations restantes : 5/5

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Tester si une clef est dans un dictionnaire

Contrairement aux listes qui nécessitent de parcourir les valeurs une par une, dans un dictionnaire chercher une clef ne dépend pas du nombre total de clefs.

Pour savoir si une clef se trouve dans un dictionnaire, il suffit d'écrire clef in dictionnaire ou clef not in dictionnaire pour savoir si elle n'y est pas.

>>> ages = {"Alice": 14, "Bob": 16, "Charlie": 14}
>>> "Alice" in ages
True
>>> "Squeezie" in ages
False
>>> "ChatGPT" not in ages
True

Par contre, pour savoir si une valeur apparaît parmi les valeurs du dictionnaire alors il faut parcourir chaque clef pour voir si elle est associée à cette valeur. Nous y reviendrons plus tard.

Exercice 2

Compléter le fichier en affectant à chaque variable la valeur demandée.

Il ne faut pas donner directement la valeur mais utiliser des expressions comme clef in dico.

Il ne faut pas modifier le dictionnaire.

Évaluations restantes : 5/5

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Modification d'un dictionnaire⚓︎

Modifier la valeur associée à une clef

Pour changer une valeur associée à une clef, il suffit d'associer la nouvelle valeur à la clef : dico[clef] = nouvelle_valeur.

>>> ages = {"Alice": 14, "Bob": 16, "Charlie": 14}
>>> ages["Alice"] = 15  # Bon anniversaire Alice
>>> ages["Bob"] = ages["Bob"] + 1  # Et bon anniversaire Bob
>>> ages
{'Alice': 15, 'Bob': 17, 'Charlie': 14}

Ajouter une nouvelle clef

Pour ajouter une nouvelle clef, il suffit de lui associer une valeur, comme si on voulait la modifier.

>>> ages = {"Alice": 14, "Bob": 16, "Charlie": 14}
>>> ages["Diane"] = 15
>>> ages["Eustache"] = 17
>>> ages
{'Alice': 14, 'Bob': 16, 'Charlie': 14, 'Diane': 15, 'Eustache': 17}

Supprimer une clef

Il y a deux façons de supprimer une clef d'un dictionnaire. On peut simplement faire del dico[clef].

On peut également retirer la clef en obtenant la valeur associée avec dico.pop(clef)

>>> ages = {"Alice": 14, "Bob": 16, "Charlie": 14}
>>> del ages["Alice"]
>>> ages.pop("Bob")
16
>>> ages
{'Charlie': 14}

Exercice 3

Modifier le dictionnaire comme indiqué dans le fichier.

Évaluations restantes : 5/5

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Taille d'un dictionnaire

Tout comme les textes et les listes, on peut obtenir la taille d'un dictionnaire, c'est-à-dire le nombre de clefs qu'il contient, avec l'expression len(un_dictionnaire)

>>> ages = {"Alice": 14, "Bob": 16, "Charlie": 14}
>>> len(ages)
3
>>> ages["Diane"] = 15
>>> ages["Eustache"] = 17
>>> len(ages)
5

Création d'un dictionnaire⚓︎

Définition explicite

Nous avons déjà vu qu'il était possible de définir un dictionnaire avec ses clefs et ses valeurs.

Il faut noter que l'ordre des clefs dans la définition n'a pas d'influence :

>>> dico1 = {"DS1": 15, "DS2": 19, "Test1": 7, "Test2": 10}
>>> dico2 = {"Test2": 10, "DS2": 19, "Test1": 7, "DS1": 15}
>>> dico1 == dico2
True

On peut définir un dictionnaire vide de deux manières différentes :

>>> dico_vide_1 = dict()
>>> dico_vide_2 = {}
>>> len(dico_vide_1)
0
>>> len(dico_vide_2)
0
>>> dico_vide_1 == dico_vide_2
True

Construction d'un dictionnaire

L'intérêt de construire un dictionnaire vide, c'est de le remplir ensuite. On peut le faire avec une boucle :

a_reussi_l_exercice = {}
for nom in ["Tania", "Adelle", "Hachim", "Mei", "Léa", "Timothée"]:
    a_reussi_l_exercice[nom] = False

On peut également construire ce dictionnaire par compréhension :

a_reussi_l_exercice = {nom: False for nom in ["Tania", "Adelle", "Hachim", "Mei", "Léa", "Timothée"]}

Dans les deux cas, on obtient :

>>> a_reussi_l_exercice
{'Tania': False, 'Adelle': False, 'Hachim': False, 'Mei': False, 'Léa': False, 'Timothée': False}

Exercice 4

Écrire le code de la fonction construit_dico_racine qui prend en paramètre un entier n et renvoie un dictionnaire associant à tous les carrés parfaits entre 0 et \(n^2\) inclus leur racine carrée. Un carré parfait est un nombre entier dont la racine carrée est également un entier. Par exemple 25 ou 36 sont des carrés parfaits.

Indice

Pour obtenir les carrés parfaits, il est plus simple de les calculer. On peut ainsi associer \(i\) à la clef \(i^2\).

>>> construit_dico_racine(3)
{0: 0, 1: 1, 4: 2, 9: 3}
>>> racine = construit_dico_racine(7)
>>> racine[36]
6
>>> racine[49]
7
>>> 64 in racine
False

Évaluations restantes : 5/5

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Comparaison de la recherche avec les listes⚓︎

Le retour des nombres à virgule

Nous allons comparer le temps de calcul pour la recherche de la période de nombres décimaux exprimés en binaire.

Le module time donne accès à plusieurs fonctions permettant de mesurer le temps d'exécution.

En particulier time.time() renvoie l'heure à laquelle cette fonction est appelée. Lorsqu'on fait la différence entre deux dates, on obtient une durée en secondes.

Les deux fonctions affichent à la fin le temps d'exécution, la taille de vus et la taille de la période.

Comparez le temps d'exécution entre les deux fonctions avec différents nombres.

Pour rappel, les deux fonctions prennent en paramètre un nombre donné sous forme de texte correspondant à la partie décimale d'un nombre.

Vous pouvez vous commencer avec decimal_vers_bin_liste("123456") et decimal_vers_bin_dico("123456").

Évaluations restantes : ∞/∞

Exercice 5

Pour comparer plus facilement le temps de recherche entre les listes et les dictionnaires, nous allons utiliser les deux fonctions suivantes recherche_dans_liste et recherche_dans_dico qui prennent toutes les deux en paramètre un entier. Chacune des fonctions rentre dans une boucle while qui ne s'arrête qu'une fois qu'on retrouve une valeur déjà vue. La valeur affichée à la fin est le temps d'exécution en secondes.

Évaluations restantes : ∞/∞

Tester ces deux fonctions avec n égal à 1000, 10000 et 100000.

Explications

On peut remarquer que le temps de calcul devient vite très grand avec les listes alors qu'il n'augmente pas si rapidement avec les dictionnaires.
À la fin de l'exécution de chacune de ces deux fonctions, quelle est la taille de la liste ou du dictionnaire, en fonction de n ?

Explications

Dans les deux cas, la boucle s'arrête lorsque i%n vaut 0 et que i ne vaut pas 0, donc lorsque i vaut n. Il y a donc n éléments dans la liste ou le dictionnaire à ce moment : de 0 à n-1.
Comment évolue le temps de calcul de cherche_dans_liste lorsque la valeur de n est mutlipliée par 2 ou par 10 ?

Explications

Lorsque n est doublé, le temps de calcul est quadruplé. Lorsque n est décuplé, le temps de calcul est multplié par 100.

Globalement, si on multiplie n par \(k\), alors le temps de calcul est multplié par \(k^2\).

On dit que le coût de la fonction est quadratique.
Comment évolue le temps de calcul de cherche_dans_dico lorsque la valeur de n est mutlipliée par 2 ou par 10 ?

Explications

Lorsque n est doublé, le temps de calcul est aussi doublé. Lorsque n est décuplé, le temps de calcul est aussi décuplé.

Globalement, si on multiplie n par \(k\), alors le temps de calcul est aussi multplié par \(k\).

On dit que le coût de la fonction est linéaire.