Chaînes de caractères

Manipuler les chaînes de caractères

Les chaînes de caractères

En Python, les textes, ou chaînes de caractères sont notés entre guillemets ou entre apostrophes. Par exemple "Bonjour je suis un texte" et 'Moi aussi je suis un texte' sont des chaînes de caractères.

Une chaîne de caractères peut ne contenir aucun caractère. On dit que c'est la chaîne vide et elle se note "" ou ''.

On peut concaténer deux textes de la manière suivante :

>>> "bon" + "jour"
'bonjour'

On peut aussi multiplier un texte par un entier pour le répéter. On obtient un nouveau texte :

>>> "bla" * 3
'blablabla'
>>> "bla" * 0 # (1)!
''

1. Si on multiplie par 0, on obtient le texte vide.

Vous pouvez expérimenter dans le terminal ci-dessous

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Accéder aux symboles d'un texte

Il est possible d'accéder à n'importe quel symbole d'un texte à l'aide de sa position, appelé indice ou index.

Les symboles sont numérotés de gauche à droite, en commençant à \(0\).

Pour obtenir un symbole, la syntaxe est TEXTE[INDICE].

>>> "avion"[0]
'a'
>>> "avion"[1]
'v'
>>> "avion"[2]
'i'
>>> "avion"[3]
'o'
>>> "avion"[4]
'n'

On peut aussi y accéder en comptant de droite à gauche, en commençant à \(-1\), puis \(-2\)... :

>>> "avion"[-1]
'n'
>>> "avion"[-2]
'o'
>>> "avion"[-3]
'i'
>>> "avion"[-4]
'v'
>>> "avion"[-5]
'a'

Bien entendu, on peut aussi utiliser les crochets après le nom d'une variable contenant une chaîne de caractères :

>>> un_texte = "Bonjour"
>>> un_texte[0]
'B'
>>> un_texte[-2]
'u'

Si on donne un indice en dehors du texte, on obtient un message d'erreur. Vous pouvez essayer de taper "avion"[5] ou "avion"[-6] dans le terminal ci-dessous.

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L'erreur IndexError veut dire que l'indice donné ne correspond à aucun symbole du texte.

Boucles et chaînes de caractères

Itérer sur un texte

Les chaînes de caractères sont des itérables. Cela veut dire qu'elles peuvent être utilisées dans des boucles.

Avec une boucle, on peut parcourir les textes symboles par symboles :

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Écrire des fonctions qui existent déjà

Nous allons voir comment écrire des fonctions qui existent déjà en Python. L'objectif est surtout d'avoir des exemples simples. Bien entendu, lorsqu'on écrit une fonction qui existe déjà en Python, on ne doit pas utiliser la fonction existante dans son code.

Calculer la longueur d'un texte

On peut combiner boucles et tests pour (re)programmer les fonctions de base pour les chaînes de caractères.

La fonction longueur permet de déterminer la longueur d'un texte :

def longueur(texte):
    n = 0 # (1)!
    for s in texte: # (3)!
        n = n + 1 # (2)!
    return n

1. On dit que n est un compteur.
2. On rajoute 1 à chaque tour de boucle, donc à chaque nouveau symbole.
3. La variable s n'est jamais utilisée dans la suite. On aurait pu la remplacer par la variable anonyme : for _ in texte.

Exemples

>>> longueur("un")
2
>>> longueur("deux")
4
>>> longueur("trois")
5

Vous pouvez tester la fonction ci-dessous

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Cette fonction existe déjà

Dans Python, la fonction len fait exactement la même chose :

>>> len("un")
2
>>> len("deux")
4
>>> len("trois")
5

Tester l'appartenance à un texte

La fonction est_dans permet de déterminer si un symbole appartient à un texte :

def est_dans(symbole, texte):
    for s in texte:
        if s == symbole:
            return True
    return False

Exemples

>>> est_dans("a", "abc")
True
>>> est_dans("c", "abc")
True
>>> est_dans("d", "abc")
False

Vous pouvez tester la fonction ci-dessous

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Cette fonction existe déjà

Dans Python, pour savoir si un symbole appartient à un texte, il faut écrire SYMBOLE in TEXTE :

>>> "a" in "abc"
True
>>> "c" in "abc"
True
>>> "d" in "abc"
False

Cela marche aussi pour tester si un texte est inclus dans un autre :

>>> "gre" in "tigre"
True
>>> "tige" in "tigre"
False

Sortie prématurée d'une fonction

On peut remarquer que si le symbole est dans le texte, on arrive sur une instruction return même s'il reste des symboles à regarder.

Dans ce cas, l'exécution de la fonction s'arrête sans faire les derniers tours de boucle. On parle de sortie prématurée.

Selon les goûts, certains préfèrent éviter une sortie prématurée, alors que d'autres trouvent que cela permet de rendre le code plus efficace et lisible.

Exercice 9

Écrire le code de la fonction nb_occurrences qui prend une chaîne avec un seul caractère symbole et une chaîne de caractère texte, et qui renvoie le nombre d'occurrences de symbole dans texte. Le nombre d'occurrences est le nombre de fois où symbole apparaît dans texte.

Indice

Vous devriez vous inspirer des deux exemples précédents. Il faut se demander si on a besoin d'un compteur et si on peut renvoyer le résultat avant d'avoir regardé tout le texte.

Exemples

>>> nb_occurrences("j", "bonjour")
1
>>> nb_occurrences("o", "bonjour")
2
>>> nb_occurrences("z", "bonjour")
0
>>> nb_occurrences(" ", "au revoir")
1
>>> nb_occurrences("a", "ananas")
3

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Exercice 10

Écrire le code de la fonction indice qui prend une chaîne avec un seul caractère symbole et une chaîne de caractère texte, et qui renvoie l'indice de la première occurrence (apparition) de symbole dans texte s'il y en a une et -1 s'il n'y est pas

Exemples

>>> indice("a", "abc")
0
>>> indice("c", "abc")
2
>>> indice("d", "abc")
-1

###(Dés-)Active le code après la ligne # Tests (insensible à la casse)
(Ctrl+I)

Tronquer ou non le feedback dans les terminaux (sortie standard & stacktrace / relancer le code pour appliquer)

Exécuter le code
(Ctrl+S)Valider
(Ctrl+Enter)TéléchargerTéléverserRéinitialiser l'éditeurSauvegarder dans le navigateurÉvaluations restantes : 5/5

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